![]() Our results showed that many water infrastructures such as dams at reservoirs, water supply and treatment systems and subsurface mines have been impacted or are at risk from military actions. We identified the nature of the impacts, the kind of pressures imposed on the water sector and the negative consequences for the availability and quality of freshwater resources for the civilian population. Here we analysed the multifaceted impacts of the military actions on freshwater resources and water infrastructure during the first three months of the conflict. ![]() Often known as “invisible people,” those without “propiska” are practically non-existent for municipal and state authorities ( OCF Way Home).The armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia that began in late February 2022 has far-reaching environmental consequences, especially regarding water resources and management. Ukrainian refugees are entitled to social welfare payments and access to housing, medical treatment and schools ( BBC, 2022).īefore the conflict, total homelessness numbers in Ukraine were unknown, as the government only counted those who qualified for aid as homeless ( Borgen Project, 2021).Ī persisting problem before the war was the legacy of the “propiska” (registration) system from the Soviet period – if a person loses their place of residence, they are left without any civil, economic, and social rights.Ī lack of “propiska” which is both a residency permit and a migration tool (often known as an “internal passport”), results in a person having no entitlement to healthcare, education, employment, and other basic services. The EU has granted Ukrainians the right to stay and work throughout its 27 member nations for up to three years ( UNHCR, 2022). There are currently more than 7.7 million Ukrainian refugees displaced across Europe, almost 5 million have fled the country since the outbreak of war with Russia in February 2022. Ukraine is located in a strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and is the second largest country in Europe after Russia ( CIA Factbook, 2021). With population concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets’k Dnipropetrovs’k, and Odesa, 69.8% of individuals live in urban areas, and the population of the capital city, Kyiv, is 3 million. ![]() ![]() Located in eastern Europe, Ukraine has a population of 43.1 million ( Worldometers, 2022). ![]()
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